Oorgangsmetaal: Verskil tussen weergawes

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Huidige wysiging sedert 10:27, 17 Januarie 2019

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Oorgangsmetale
Hoofgroepmetale
Metaalagtiges
Nie-metale
Lantaniede
Aktiniede

'n Oorgangsmetaal is 'n element uit die d-blok van die periodieke tabel. Daar word onderskei tussen:

die 3d-oorgangsmetale van skandium tot sink
die 4d-oorgangsmetale van yttrium tot kadmium
die 5d-oorgangsmetale van lantaan tot kwik
die 6d-oorgangsmetale van aktinium tot copernicium

Die oorgang

In hierdie blok raak die d-orbitale opgevul. Daar vind 'n oorgang van valenselektrone na kernelektrone plaas: in die blok se eerste kolomme kan alle d-elektrone as valenselektrone optree. 'n Element soos vanadium het daardeur 'n hoogste oksidasietoestand van 5+, hoewel dit ook laer toestande soos 4+, 3+ or 2+ kan vertoon, waar net 'n deel van die d-elektrone as valenselektron optree. Omrede die afskerming van die kernlading deur die d-elektrone wat opgevul raak nie effektief is nie, word die energie van die d-orbitale geleidelik laer. In die tweede helfte van die blok kan nie alle d-elektrone meer as valenselektrone optree nie. Byvoorbeeld osmium wat 6 d-elektrone en 2 s-elektrone het vorm Os(VIII)-verbindings soos OsO₄ maar yster wat in dieselfde groep behoort is gewoonlik Fe(II) of Fe(III) hoewel dit soms Fe(VI) kan bereik, maar nie Fe(VIII) nie. Aan die einde van die blok, soos by sink, word die volle d-skil eintlik kernelektrone en die element vorm net Zn(II) deur sy s-elektrone te verloor. By die elemente van die p-blok wat volg, soos gallium ens. kan die d¹⁰-skil as kernektrone beskou word en neem nie aan chemiese wisselwerkings deel nie.

21 Sc	22 Ti	23 V	24 Cr	25 Mn	26 Fe	27 Co	28 Ni	29 Cu	30 Zn
39 Y	40 Zr	41 Nb	42 Mo	(43) Tc	44 Ru	45 Rh	46 Pd	47 Ag	48 Cd
57 La^[1]	72 Hf	73 Ta	74 W	75 Re	76 Os	77 Ir	78 Pt	79 Au	80 Hg
89 Ac^[2]	(104) Rf	(105) Db	(106) Sg	(107) Bh	(108) Hs	(109) Mt	(110) Ds	(111) Rg	(112) Cn

Legenda

=Oorgangsmetale

Verwysings

↑ soms word Lutesium hier geplaas wat 4f¹⁴5d¹ het, pleks van 4f⁰5d¹
↑ soms word Lawrensium hier geplaas wat 5f¹⁴6d¹ het, pleks van 5f⁰6d¹

Eksterne skakels

Wikimedia Commons het meer media in die kategorie Oorgangsmetaal.
Wikiwoordeboek het 'n inskrywing vir oorgangsmetaal.

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Re

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Ir

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Au

Hg

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Po

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Ac

Th

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Cm

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Chemie onbekend

[1] soms word Lutesium hier geplaas wat 4f¹⁴5d¹ het, pleks van 4f⁰5d¹

[2] soms word Lawrensium hier geplaas wat 5f¹⁴6d¹ het, pleks van 5f⁰6d¹

[1]

[2]

@@ Lyn 15: / Lyn 15: @@
 |}
-'n '''Oorgangsmetaal''' is 'n [[chemiese element|element]] uit die [[D-blok]] van die [[periodieke tabel]].    Daar word onderskei tussen:
+'n '''Oorgangsmetaal''' is 'n [[chemiese element|element]] uit die '''d-blok''' van die [[periodieke tabel]].    Daar word onderskei tussen:
-*die 3d-oorgangsmetale van [[skandium]] tot [[sink]]
+* die 3d-oorgangsmetale van [[skandium]] tot [[sink]]
-*die 4d-oorgangsmetale van [[yttrium]] tot [[kadmium]]
+* die 4d-oorgangsmetale van [[yttrium]] tot [[kadmium]]
-*die 5d-oorgangsmetale van [[lantaan]] tot [[kwik]]
+* die 5d-oorgangsmetale van [[lantaan]] tot [[kwik]]
-*[[Rutherfordium]] tot [[Roentgenium]]
+* die 6d-oorgangsmetale van [[aktinium]] tot [[copernicium]]
+== Die oorgang ==
+In hierdie blok raak die d-orbitale opgevul. Daar vind 'n oorgang van [[valenselektron]]e na kernelektrone plaas: in die blok se eerste kolomme kan alle d-elektrone as valenselektrone optree. 'n Element soos [[vanadium]] het daardeur 'n hoogste oksidasietoestand van 5+, hoewel dit ook laer toestande soos 4+, 3+ or 2+ kan vertoon, waar net 'n deel van die d-elektrone as valenselektron optree. Omrede die afskerming van die kernlading deur die d-elektrone wat opgevul raak nie effektief is nie, word die energie van die d-orbitale geleidelik laer. In die tweede helfte van die blok kan nie alle d-elektrone meer as valenselektrone optree nie. Byvoorbeeld [[osmium]] wat 6 d-elektrone en 2 s-elektrone het vorm Os(VIII)-verbindings soos {{Chem|Os|O|4}} maar [[yster]] wat in dieselfde groep behoort is gewoonlik Fe(II) of Fe(III) hoewel dit soms Fe(VI) kan bereik, maar nie Fe(VIII) nie. Aan die einde van die blok, soos by sink, word die volle d-skil eintlik kernelektrone en die element vorm net Zn(II) deur sy s-elektrone te verloor.
+By die elemente van die [[p-blok]] wat volg, soos [[gallium]] ens. kan die d<sup>10</sup>-skil as kernektrone beskou word en neem nie aan chemiese wisselwerkings deel nie.
 <br />
 {|
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>21</font><br />[[Skandium|Sc]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>21</small><br />[[Skandium|Sc]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>22</font><br />[[Titaan|Ti]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>22</small><br />[[Titaan|Ti]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>23</font><br />[[Vanadium|V]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>23</small><br />[[Vanadium|V]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>24</font><br />[[Chroom|Cr]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>24</small><br />[[Chroom|Cr]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>25</font><br />[[Mangaan|Mn]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>25</small><br />[[Mangaan|Mn]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>26</font><br />[[Yster|Fe]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>26</small><br />[[Yster|Fe]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>27</font><br />[[Kobalt|Co]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>27</small><br />[[Kobalt|Co]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>28</font><br />[[Nikkel|Ni]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>28</small><br />[[Nikkel|Ni]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>29</font><br />[[Koper|Cu]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>29</small><br />[[Koper|Cu]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>30</font><br />[[Sink|Zn]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>30</small><br />[[Sink|Zn]]
 |----
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>39</font><br />[[Yttrium|Y]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>39</small><br />[[Yttrium|Y]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>40</font><br />[[Sirkonium|Zr]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>40</small><br />[[Sirkonium|Zr]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>41</font><br />[[Niobium|Nb]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>41</small><br />[[Niobium|Nb]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>42</font><br />[[Molibdeen|Mo]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>42</small><br />[[Molibdeen|Mo]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(43)</font><br />[[Tegnetium|Tc]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(43)</small><br />[[Tegnetium|Tc]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>44</font><br />[[Rutenium|Ru]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>44</small><br />[[Rutenium|Ru]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>45</font><br />[[Rodium|Rh]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>45</small><br />[[Rodium|Rh]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>46</font><br />[[Palladium|Pd]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>46</small><br />[[Palladium|Pd]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>47</font><br />[[Silwer|Ag]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>47</small><br />[[Silwer|Ag]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>48</font><br />[[Kadmium|Cd]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>48</small><br />[[Kadmium|Cd]]
 |----
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>57</small><br />[[Lantaan|La]]<ref>soms word Lutesium hier geplaas wat 4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>1</sup> het, pleks van 4f<sup>0</sup>5d<sup>1</sup></ref>
-| |
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>72</font><br />[[Hafnium|Hf]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>72</small><br />[[Hafnium|Hf]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>73</font><br />[[Tantalum|Ta]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>73</small><br />[[Tantalum|Ta]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>74</font><br />[[Wolfram|W]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>74</small><br />[[Wolfram|W]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>75</font><br />[[Renium|Re]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>75</small><br />[[Renium|Re]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>76</font><br />[[Osmium|Os]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>76</small><br />[[Osmium|Os]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>77</font><br />[[Iridium (element)|Ir]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>77</small><br />[[Iridium (element)|Ir]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>78</font><br />[[Platinum|Pt]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>78</small><br />[[Platinum|Pt]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>79</font><br />[[Goud|Au]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>79</small><br />[[Goud|Au]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>80</font><br />[[Kwik|Hg]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>80</small><br />[[Kwik|Hg]]
 |----
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>89</small><br />[[Aktinium|Ac]]<ref>soms word Lawrensium hier geplaas wat 5f<sup>14</sup>6d<sup>1</sup> het, pleks van 5f<sup>0</sup>6d<sup>1</sup></ref>
-| |
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(104)</font><br />[[Rutherfordium|Rf]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(104)</small><br />[[Rutherfordium|Rf]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(105)</font><br />[[Dubnium|Db]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(105)</small><br />[[Dubnium|Db]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(106)</font><br />[[Seaborgium|Sg]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(106)</small><br />[[Seaborgium|Sg]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(107)</font><br />[[Bohrium|Bh]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(107)</small><br />[[Bohrium|Bh]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(108)</font><br />[[Hassium|Hs]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(108)</small><br />[[Hassium|Hs]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(109)</font><br />[[Meitnerium|Mt]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(109)</small><br />[[Meitnerium|Mt]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(110)</font><br />[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(110)</small><br />[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]
-|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | <font size=1>(111)</font><br />[[Roentgenium|Rg]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(111)</small><br />[[Roentgenium|Rg]]
+|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888; background:#f08080;" | <small>(112)</small><br />[[Copernicium|Cn]]
 |}
 Legenda<br />
 {|
-|style="background:#bbffff; border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|style="background:#f08080; border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#888888;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 |style="border-style:none" |=Oorgangsmetale
 |}
+== Verwysings ==
+{{Verwysings}}
+== Eksterne skakels ==
+{{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Transition metals}}
+* {{wikt-inlyn|oorgangsmetaal}}
+{{Navigasie Periodieke tabel}}
+{{Normdata}}
 [[Kategorie:Chemiese elemente]]
 [[Kategorie:Oorgangsmetale| ]]
-[[an:Metal de transición]]
-[[ar:فلز انتقالي]]
-[[ast:Metal de transición]]
-[[az:Keçid metallar]]
-[[bg:Преходни метали]]
-[[bn:অবস্থান্তর ধাতু]]
-[[bs:Prelazni metal]]
-[[ca:Metall de transició]]
-[[cs:Přechodný kov]]
-[[cv:Куçăмлă металсем]]
-[[cy:Elfen drosiannol]]
-[[da:Overgangsmetal]]
-[[de:Übergangsmetalle]]
-[[el:Στοιχεία μετάπτωσης]]
-[[en:Transition metal]]
-[[eo:Transirmetalo]]
-[[es:Metal de transición]]
-[[eu:Trantsizio-metal]]
-[[fa:فلز واسطه]]
-[[fi:Siirtymämetalli]]
-[[fr:Métal de transition]]
-[[gl:Metal de transición]]
-[[he:מתכות מעבר]]
-[[hif:Badalte dhaatu]]
-[[hr:Prijelazni metali]]
-[[ht:Metal tranzisyon entèn]]
-[[hu:Átmenetifémek]]
-[[id:Logam transisi]]
-[[is:Hliðarmálmur]]
-[[it:Metalli del blocco d]]
-[[ja:遷移元素]]
-[[jbo:binjimkle]]
-[[jv:Logam transisi]]
-[[ko:전이 금속]]
-[[la:Metalla transitionis]]
-[[lmo:Metai de transizion]]
-[[lv:Pārejas metāli]]
-[[ml:സംക്രമണ ലോഹം]]
-[[ms:Logam peralihan]]
-[[my:Transition metal]]
-[[nds:Övergangselement]]
-[[nl:Overgangsmetaal]]
-[[nn:Transisjonsmetall]]
-[[no:Innskuddsmetall]]
-[[oc:Metal de transicion]]
-[[pl:Metale przejściowe]]
-[[pt:Metal de transição]]
-[[ro:Metal de tranziție]]
-[[ru:Переходные металлы]]
-[[sh:Prelazni metali]]
-[[simple:Transition metal]]
-[[sk:Prechodný prvok]]
-[[sl:Prehodni element]]
-[[sr:Прелазни метали]]
-[[sv:Övergångsmetall]]
-[[sw:Metali ya mpito]]
-[[th:โลหะทรานซิชัน]]
-[[tr:Geçiş metalleri]]
-[[uk:Перехідні метали]]
-[[vi:Kim loại chuyển tiếp]]
-[[yi:איבערגאנג מעטאל]]
-[[zh:过渡金属]]