002782575 001__ 2782575
002782575 005__ 20240808050221.0
002782575 0248_ $$aoai:cds.cern.ch:2782575$$pcerncds:FULLTEXT$$pcerncds:CERN:FULLTEXT$$pcerncds:CERN
002782575 0247_ $$2DOI$$9IOP$$a10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/P11031
002782575 037__ $$9arXiv$$aarXiv:2109.12893$$cphysics.acc-ph
002782575 035__ $$9arXiv$$aoai:arXiv.org:2109.12893
002782575 035__ $$9Inspire$$aoai:inspirehep.net:1928994$$d2024-08-07T15:02:09Z$$h2024-08-08T02:00:07Z$$mmarcxml$$ttrue$$uhttps://inspirehep.net/api/oai2d
002782575 035__ $$9Inspire$$a1928994
002782575 041__ $$aeng
002782575 100__ $$aHafych, [email protected]$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 245__ $$9IOP$$aAnalysis of Proton Bunch Parameters in the AWAKE Experiment
002782575 269__ $$c2021-09-27
002782575 260__ $$c2021-11-24
002782575 300__ $$a14 p
002782575 520__ $$9IOP$$aA precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data.
002782575 520__ $$9arXiv$$aA precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data.
002782575 540__ $$3preprint$$aarXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0$$uhttp://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
002782575 540__ $$3publication$$aCC-BY-4.0$$bIOP$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
002782575 542__ $$3publication$$dCERN$$g2021
002782575 65017 $$2arXiv$$ahep-ex
002782575 65017 $$2SzGeCERN$$aParticle Physics - Experiment
002782575 65017 $$2arXiv$$aphysics.acc-ph
002782575 65017 $$2SzGeCERN$$aAccelerators and Storage Rings
002782575 693__ $$aCERN AWAKE
002782575 690C_ $$aCERN
002782575 690C_ $$aARTICLE
002782575 700__ $$aCaldwell, A.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aAgnello, R.$$uLPHE, Lausanne$$vEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aAhdida, C.C.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aAladi, M.$$uWigner RCP, Budapest$$vWigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
002782575 700__ $$aGoncalves, M.C. Amoedo$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aAndrebe, Y.$$uLPHE, Lausanne$$vEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aApsimon, O.$$uDaresbury$$vUniversity of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aApsimon, R.$$uDaresbury$$uLancaster U. (main)$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vLancaster University, Lancaster, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aBachmann, A.-M.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aBaistrukov, M.A.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
002782575 700__ $$aBatsch, F.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aBergamaschi, M.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aBlanchard, P.$$uLPHE, Lausanne$$vEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aBurrows, P.N.$$uJAI, UK$$vJohn Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aButtenschön, B.$$uGarching, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aChappell, J.$$uUniversity Coll. London$$vUCL, London, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aChevallay, E.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aChung, M.$$uUNIST, Ulsan$$vUNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
002782575 700__ $$aCooke, D.A.$$uUniversity Coll. London$$vUCL, London, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aDamerau, H.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aDavut, C.$$uDaresbury$$uManchester U.$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aDemeter, G.$$uWigner RCP, Budapest$$vWigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
002782575 700__ $$aDexter, A.$$uDaresbury$$uLancaster U. (main)$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vLancaster University, Lancaster, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aDoebert, S.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aFarmer, J.$$uCERN$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aFasoli, A.$$uLPHE, Lausanne$$vEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aFedosseev, V.N.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aFiorito, R.$$uDaresbury$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vUniversity of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aFonseca, R.A.$$uISCTE, Lisbon$$uLisbon U.$$uLisbon, CFP$$vISCTE - Instituto Universitéario de Lisboa, Portugal$$vGoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
002782575 700__ $$aFurno, I.$$uLPHE, Lausanne$$vEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aGessner, S.$$uCERN$$uSLAC$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland$$vSLAC, Menlo Park, CA, U.S.A.
002782575 700__ $$aGorn, A.A.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
002782575 700__ $$aGranados, E.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aGranetzny, M.$$uWisconsin U., Madison$$vUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
002782575 700__ $$aGraubner, T.$$uPhilipps U. Marburg$$vPhilipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aGrulke, O.$$uGarching, Max Planck Inst.$$uICTP, Trieste$$uSISSA, Trieste$$vMax Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany$$vTechnical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
002782575 700__ $$aGschwendtner, E.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aGuran, E.D.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aHenderson, J.R.$$uDaresbury$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vAccelerator Science and Technology Centre, ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aHüther, M.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aKedves, M.Á.$$uWigner RCP, Budapest$$vWigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
002782575 700__ $$aKhudyakov, V.$$uHeinrich Heine U., Dusseldorf$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$vHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
002782575 700__ $$aKim, S.-Y.$$uUNIST, Ulsan$$uCERN$$vUNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aKraus, F.$$uPhilipps U. Marburg$$vPhilipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aKrupa, M.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aLefevre, T.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aLiang, L.$$uDaresbury$$uManchester U.$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aLopes, N.$$uLisbon, CFP$$vGoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
002782575 700__ $$aLotov, K.V.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
002782575 700__ $$aMazzoni, S.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aGodoy, D. Medina$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aMoody, J.T.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aMoon, K.$$uUNIST, Ulsan$$vUNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
002782575 700__ $$aGuzmán, P.I. Morales$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aMoreira, M.$$uLisbon, CFP$$vGoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
002782575 700__ $$aNechaeva, T.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aNowak, E.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aPakuza, C.$$uJAI, UK$$vJohn Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aPanuganti, H.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aPardons, A.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aPerera, A.$$uDaresbury$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vUniversity of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aPucek, J.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aPukhov, A.$$uHeinrich Heine U., Dusseldorf$$vHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aRáczkevi, B.$$uWigner RCP, Budapest$$vWigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
002782575 700__ $$aRamjiawan, R.L.$$uCERN$$uJAI, UK$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland$$vJohn Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aRey, S.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aSchmitz, O.$$uWisconsin U., Madison$$vUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
002782575 700__ $$aSenes, E.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aSilva, L.O.$$uLisbon, CFP$$vGoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
002782575 700__ $$aStollberg, C.$$uLPHE, Lausanne$$vEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aSublet, A.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aTopaloudis, A.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aTorrado, N.$$uLisbon, CFP$$vGoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
002782575 700__ $$aTuev, P.V.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
002782575 700__ $$aTurner, M.$$uCERN$$uLBNL, Berkeley$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland$$vLBNL, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.
002782575 700__ $$aVelotti, F.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aVerra, L.$$uMunich, Max Planck Inst.$$uCERN$$uMunich, Tech. U.$$vMax Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland$$vTechnical University Munich, Munich, Germany
002782575 700__ $$aVieira, J.$$uLisbon, CFP$$vGoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
002782575 700__ $$aVincke, H.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aWelsch, C.P.$$uDaresbury$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vUniversity of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aWendt, M.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aWing, M.$$uUniversity Coll. London$$vUCL, London, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aWolfenden, J.$$uDaresbury$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vUniversity of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aWoolley, B.$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 700__ $$aXia, G.$$uDaresbury$$uManchester U.$$vCockcroft Institute, Daresbury, U.K.$$vUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
002782575 700__ $$aZepp, M.$$uWisconsin U., Madison$$vUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
002782575 700__ $$aDella Porta, G. Zevi$$uCERN$$vCERN, Geneva, Switzerland
002782575 710__ $$gAWAKE Collaboration
002782575 773__ $$cP11031$$n11$$pJINST$$v16$$y2021
002782575 8564_ $$82324958$$s35314$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/proj-m2-1.png$$y00009 : !t
002782575 8564_ $$82324959$$s22148$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/waist-m-2.png$$y00011 The figure shows the means and standard deviations of the waist positions of the halo and core components of the proton bunch. Darker colors correspond to a larger bunch population. The color scale is non-linear. Dashed lines represent central intervals of the prior probability distributions.
002782575 8564_ $$82324960$$s25193$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/alignm-2-b.png$$y00014 Positions of the bunch centroids at the waist. The left plot shows the drift of the bunch centroid with the time of the measurement. The right plot shows the same data with subtracted time drift.
002782575 8564_ $$82324961$$s231240$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/Nature-fig.png$$y00000 The layout of the AWAKE experiment. Electron, proton, and laser beams that propagate from left to right are shown in blue, red, and green colors, respectively. The bottom subplot shows the self-modulated proton bunch at the plasma exit. Retrieved from \cite{adli2018acceleration}.
002782575 8564_ $$82324962$$s5485$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/setup-example.png$$y00001 The standard deviation (envelope) of the transverse proton bunch profile versus the beamline position for nominal bunch parameters without plasma. Gray solid lines show positions of four beam observation systems. The position of the plasma section is shown by red dotted lines.
002782575 8564_ $$82324963$$s30717$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/tr-size-m-2.png$$y00008 : !t : A comparison of the experimental data and the best-fit result for the single (top) and double (bottom) Gaussian models. The blue step-lines show data from one event integrated over rows/columns. The model prediction is plotted for the mean value of the posterior. The grey-filled regions show the 95\% central probability intervals of the model including background and signal. The grey band for Cam.~4 overlaps with the data and is not visible.The transverse size of the proton bunch at the waist position is shown for events with different bunch populations using a double Gaussian model. Each event is represented by two symbols that show the halo and core components. Darker colors correspond to a larger bunch population. The color scale is non-linear. Dashed lines represent central intervals of the prior probability distributions.
002782575 8564_ $$82324964$$s31397$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/em-m-2.png$$y00012 The x and y components of the bunch emittance are shown for different bunch populations using a double Gaussian model. Each event is represented by two symbols that indicate the halo and core components. Darker colors correspond to a larger bunch population. The color scale is non-linear. Dashed lines represent central intervals of the prior probability distributions.
002782575 8564_ $$82324965$$s28344$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/event-example.png$$y00002 Images from one event with the proton bunch population $n=24.04\times10^{10}p^+$. Subplots correspond to the four beam imaging systems specified in Table~\ref{table:setup-cam}. Signal amplitude represents the value recorded by the camera pixel, and it is in the range $[0, 4095]$.
002782575 8564_ $$82324966$$s13797$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/signal-back-fit.png$$y00005 Convolutions of the probability distribution of the signal created by the proton bunch and the background distribution are shown for different assumed mean signal amplitudes and variances for Cam.~3. The signal from the proton bunch, $P_p(d|\boldsymbol{\lambda}, \boldsymbol{\nu})$, is assumed to be normally distributed (shown in dashed lines). The filled histograms show the background noise. The red lines show a numerical convolution represented by $p(d|\boldsymbol{\lambda}, \boldsymbol{\nu})$.
002782575 8564_ $$82324967$$s35349$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/proj-toy.png$$y00006 A comparison of the simulated data and the best-fit result is shown for the double Gaussian model. The blue step-lines show an integrated signal over rows/columns of the camera. The grey-filled regions show the 95\% central probability intervals of the model including background and signal. The signal from the proton bunch is shown as points. The grey band for Cam.~4 overlaps with the data and is not visible.
002782575 8564_ $$82324968$$s3225744$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/2109.12893.pdf$$yFulltext
002782575 8564_ $$82324969$$s7476$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/background-cams-hc.png$$y00004 Background distributions corresponding to the dataset with a large bunch population. The dark red colors show the distribution of the background only. The filled histograms show the distributions from pixels used in the analysis of bunch parameters, and they represent the superposition of signal and background. Orange lines show positions of the cutoff values.
002782575 8564_ $$82324970$$s19479$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/alpha.png$$y00013 Parameter $\alpha$ that defines the significance of the halo component is shown versus the bunch population. A more significant halo component is observed in the bunches with a larger bunch population.
002782575 8564_ $$82324971$$s20455$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/ang-spread-m-2.png$$y00010 The x and y components of the angular spread of the proton bunch are shown for different bunch populations using a double Gaussian model. Each event is represented by two symbols that show the halo and core components. Darker colors correspond to a larger bunch population. The color scale is non-linear. Dashed lines represent central intervals of the prior probability distributions.
002782575 8564_ $$82324972$$s27974$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/background-data.png$$y00003 Background distributions from different regions of Cam. 1. The frequency represents the number of counts present in each bin normalized such that the sum of frequencies from each bin is equal to one. The pixels enclosed by the white dotted lines are used to determine the parameters of the proton bunch. The background distributions from four rectangular regions enclosed by the dashed lines are shown in the right subplot. The dashed line in the right subplot shows the truncation threshold. The filled region represent the distribution of the signal (enclosed by the white dotted line).
002782575 8564_ $$82324973$$s7481$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/toy-violin-2.png$$y00007 The figure illustrates the posterior distribution obtained from the simulated event analysis. Each parameter is divided by truth to standardize the scale of the error bars. Blue horizontal ticks show 95\% central probability intervals and means.
002782575 8564_ $$82339658$$s3523416$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2782575/files/document.pdf$$yFulltext
002782575 960__ $$a13
002782575 980__ $$aARTICLE