002148200 001__ 2148200
002148200 003__ SzGeCERN
002148200 005__ 20210503220803.0
002148200 0247_ $$2DOI$$a10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.016
002148200 0248_ $$aoai:cds.cern.ch:2148200$$pcerncds:FULLTEXT$$pcerncds:CERN:FULLTEXT$$pcerncds:CERN
002148200 035__ $$9arXiv$$aoai:arXiv.org:1604.06259
002148200 035__ $$9Inspire$$a1450035
002148200 037__ $$9arXiv$$aarXiv:1604.06259$$cphysics.ins-det
002148200 041__ $$aeng
002148200 100__ $$aDittmeier, Sebastian$$iINSPIRE-00650937$$kORCID:0000-0002-5172-7520$$memail:[email protected]$$uHeidelberg U.$$vPhysikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
002148200 245__ $$aFeasibility studies for a wireless 60 GHz tracking detector readout
002148200 269__ $$c21 Apr 2016
002148200 260__ $$c2016-09-11
002148200 300__ $$a10 p
002148200 520__ $$aThe amount of data produced by highly granular silicon tracking detectors in high energy physics experiments poses a major challenge to readout systems. At high collision rates, e.g. at LHC experiments, only a small fraction of data can be read out with currently used technologies. To cope with the requirements of future or upgraded experiments new data transfer techniques are required which offer high data rates at low power and low material budget. Wireless technologies operating in the 60 GHz band or at higher frequencies offer high data rates and are thus a promising upcoming alternative to conventional data transmission via electrical cables or optical fibers. Using wireless technology, the amount of cables and connectors in detectors can be significantly reduced. Tracking detectors profit most from a reduced material budget as fewer secondary particle interactions (multiple Coulomb scattering, energy loss, etc.) improve the tracking performance in general. We present feasibility studies regarding the integration of the wireless technology at 60 GHz into a silicon tracking detector. Spare silicon strip modules of the ATLAS experiment are measured to be opaque in the 60 GHz range. The reduction of cross talk between links is studied. An estimate of the maximum achievable link density is given. It is shown that wireless links can be placed as close as 2 cm next to each other for a layer distance of 10 cm by exploiting one or several of the following measures: highly directive antennas, absorbers, linear polarization and frequency channeling. Combining these measures, a data rate area density of up to 11 Tb/(s $\cdot$ m$^2$) seems feasible. In addition, two types of silicon sensors are tested under mm-wave irradiation . No deterioration of the performance of both prototypes is observed.
002148200 520__ $$9Elsevier$$aThe amount of data produced by highly granular silicon tracking detectors in high energy physics experiments poses a major challenge to readout systems. At high collision rates, e.g. at LHC experiments, only a small fraction of data can be read out with currently used technologies. To cope with the requirements of future or upgraded experiments new data transfer techniques are required which offer high data rates at low power and low material budget.
002148200 520__ $$9arXiv$$aThe amount of data produced by highly granular silicon tracking detectors in high energy physics experiments poses a major challenge to readout systems. At high collision rates, e.g. at LHC experiments, only a small fraction of data can be read out with currently used technologies. To cope with the requirements of future or upgraded experiments new data transfer techniques are required which offer high data rates at low power and low material budget. Wireless technologies operating in the 60 GHz band or at higher frequencies offer high data rates and are thus a promising upcoming alternative to conventional data transmission via electrical cables or optical fibers. Using wireless technology, the amount of cables and connectors in detectors can be significantly reduced. Tracking detectors profit most from a reduced material budget as fewer secondary particle interactions (multiple Coulomb scattering, energy loss, etc.) improve the tracking performance in general. We present feasibility studies regarding the integration of the wireless technology at 60 GHz into a silicon tracking detector. Spare silicon strip modules of the ATLAS experiment are measured to be opaque in the 60 GHz range. The reduction of cross talk between links is studied. An estimate of the maximum achievable link density is given. It is shown that wireless links can be placed as close as 2 cm next to each other for a layer distance of 10 cm by exploiting one or several of the following measures: highly directive antennas, absorbers, linear polarization and frequency channeling. Combining these measures, a data rate area density of up to 11 Tb/(s $\cdot$ m$^2$) seems feasible. In addition, two types of silicon sensors are tested under mm-wave irradiation . No deterioration of the performance of both prototypes is observed.
002148200 540__ $$aarXiv nonexclusive-distrib. 1.0$$barXiv$$uhttp://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
002148200 542__ $$fElsevier B.V.
002148200 595__ $$aLANL EDS
002148200 65017 $$2arXiv$$aDetectors and Experimental Techniques
002148200 690C_ $$aARTICLE
002148200 690C_ $$aCERN
002148200 693__ $$aCERN LHC$$eATLAS
002148200 693__ $$eMU3E
002148200 695__ $$9LANL EDS$$aphysics.ins-det
002148200 700__ $$aSchöning, André$$uHeidelberg U.$$vPhysikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
002148200 700__ $$aSoltveit, Hans Kristian$$uHeidelberg U.$$vPhysikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
002148200 700__ $$aWiedner, Dirk$$uHeidelberg U.$$vPhysikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
002148200 773__ $$c417-426$$pNucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A$$v830$$y2016
002148200 8564_ $$uhttp://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.06259.pdf$$yPreprint
002148200 8564_ $$81425207$$s46920$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_ref_perp.png$$y00012 Reflection loss of graphite foam samples at \mbox{$f = \SI{60.7}{GHz}$} for perpendicular polarized waves. The uncertainties due to intensity variations are $\num{0.2}-\SI{0.3}{dB}$. A fit of Equation~\ref{eq:R} is applied to all four data sets.
002148200 8564_ $$81425208$$s9952848$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/arXiv:1604.06259.pdf$$yPreprint
002148200 8564_ $$81425209$$s23485$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_Crosstalkx_all_wo_tex_full.png$$y00013 Sketch of the setup to measure cross talk with two links between highly reflective aluminium layers. LOS coss talk is indicated as purple wave.
002148200 8564_ $$81425210$$s331921$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_endcap.png$$y00004 The ATLAS SCT endcap module \cite{ATLAS:SCT_fre} under test
002148200 8564_ $$81425211$$s583833$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_barrel_zero.png$$y00001 The ATLAS SCT barrel module \cite{ATLAS:SCT_ups} under test. Positions for frequency scans are denoted by (A), (B) and (C). A position scan is performed along the black arrow.
002148200 8564_ $$81425212$$s42347$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_direct_H.png$$y00014 S/N in the radio frequency spectrum with LOS induced cross talk as function of the antenna pitch for different setups.
002148200 8564_ $$81425213$$s11445$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_sct_endcap_ref.png$$y00007 Reflection loss of the endcap module at \mbox{$f_{RF} = \SI{59.23}{GHz}$} at positions A, B and C (see Figure~\ref{fig:trans_pic_endcap}) as a function of the angle of incidence. The uncertainties are \SIrange{0.3}{0.5}{dB} due to intensity variations in the power range of \SI{-30}{dBm} to \SI{-40}{dBm}, correspondingly.
002148200 8564_ $$81425214$$s9046$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_BER_carrier.png$$y00018 Measured bit error rates of two parallel operated links at a pitch of \SI{2.6}{cm} as function of the carrier frequency offset. The links are operated with minimum shift keying at up to \SI{1.76}{Gbps}. No directive antennas are applied. The \SI{3}{dB}-bandwidth of the Hititte transceivers (\SI{1.8}{GHz}) is indicated as red line, twice the bandwidth as a blue line.
002148200 8564_ $$81425215$$s18277$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_tracking_layers.png$$y00000 Conceptual sketch of a wireless radial readout of a cylindrical tracking detector, adapted from \cite{Brenner:wireless}.
002148200 8564_ $$81425216$$s57397$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_sct_mg_barrel.png$$y00002 Transmission loss through the ATLAS SCT barrel module as function of the frequency at positions A, B and C (see Figure~\ref{fig:trans_pic_barrel}) and the noise limited sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer. The uncertainties of \SI{1}{dB} are due to intensity variations observed with the spectrum analyzer in the power range of \SI{-90}{dBm}.
002148200 8564_ $$81425217$$s18496$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_BER_xtalk_er.png$$y00016 Influence of LOS cross talk on the bit error rate of a wireless data transmission, shown as function of the pitch between two parallel links. Distance between transmitter and receiver is set to \SI{10}{cm}. Both links are operated at the same carrier frequency.
002148200 8564_ $$81425218$$s94902$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_snr_reflections_cut.png$$y00017 S/N for two parallel links operated between two fully reflective aluminium layers at a distance of \SI{10}{cm}. Results are shown for parallel polarization states (top, white background) and orthogonal polarization states (bottom, grey background).
002148200 8564_ $$81425219$$s20741$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_mupix_noise.png$$y00023 Response of MuPix7 pixels to an iron $\mathrm{^{55}Fe}$ x-ray source measured with a threshold scan.
002148200 8564_ $$81425220$$s3708731$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_mupix_60ghz.png$$y00022 The MuPix7 HV-MAPS prototype for the Mu3e experiment in the test setup irradiated with an $\mathrm{^{55}Fe}$ source. The wireless signal is transmitted using a horn antenna at a distance of about \SI{8}{cm} to the sensor.
002148200 8564_ $$81425221$$s46387$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_trans_perp.png$$y00011 Transmission loss of graphite foam samples at \mbox{$f = \SI{60.7}{GHz}$} for perpendicularly polarized waves. The uncertainties of $\num{0.2}-\SI{1.0}{dB}$ are due to intensity variations in the transmitted signal and the noise limited sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer. A fit of Equation~\ref{eq:T} is applied to all four data sets.
002148200 8564_ $$81425222$$s205995$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_antenna.png$$y00008 Left: photograph of a \SI{3.5}{cm} long horn antenna made from an aluminum and \kapton foil laminate. Right: the H-plane is spanned by the long edge and the direction of emittance (orange plane); the E-plane is spanned by the short edge and the direction of emittance (grey plane).
002148200 8564_ $$81425223$$s936360$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_setup_foam_cyl.png$$y00015 \SI{1}{cm} long hollow graphite foam cylinders shielding two wireless links. The paper covering the adhesive on the inside of the cylinder was tested to not affect the signal.
002148200 8564_ $$81425224$$s250426$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_freiburg_setup.png$$y00019 Block diagram of the setup used for the irradiation test at Freiburg. A, B, C and D indicate different antenna positions used in the test. The \num{12} readout chips are illustrated as brown boxes on the orange readout hybrid.
002148200 8564_ $$81425225$$s25501$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_hybrid_dist_paras.png$$y00021 Noise distribution of all channels of the \num{12} ABCN readout chips without strip sensors under irradiation. The reference measurement was performed without \SI{60}{GHz} irradiation. Mean $\mu$ and width $\sigma$ of the Gaussian fits are given. No significant difference is observed.
002148200 8564_ $$81425226$$s11365$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_mean_mg_2_new.png$$y00003 Transmission loss of the barrel module averaged over the frequency band for a position scan (along the arrow in Figure~\ref{fig:trans_pic_barrel}) and the noise limited sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer. The uncertainties represent the RMS of the average measurements.
002148200 8564_ $$81425227$$s11084$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_mean_mg_3_new.png$$y00006 Transmission loss of the endcap module averaged over the frequency band for a position scan (along the arrow in Figure~\ref{fig:trans_pic_endcap}).
002148200 8564_ $$81425228$$s44073$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_sct_mg_endcap_pos.png$$y00005 Transmission loss spectra of the endcap module at positions A, B and C (see Figure~\ref{fig:trans_pic_endcap}). The uncertainties are again due to intensity variations observed in the spectrum analyzer.
002148200 8564_ $$81425229$$s62822$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_antenna_kapton_polar.png$$y00009 Measured polar radiation pattern in the E- and H-plane of a tested Al-\kapton horn antenna at $f = \SI{60.85}{GHz}$. The blue line represents an isotropic emitter with $G = \SI{0}{dBi}$.
002148200 8564_ $$81425230$$s17187987$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_Hybrid_detector.png$$y00020 A prototype for the ATLAS endcap tracking detector upgrade \cite{Aliev2013210} under irradiation of mm-waves.
002148200 8564_ $$81425231$$s36020$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2148200/files/figures_result_horn.png$$y00010 Measured beamwidth and gain of the Al-\kapton horn antenna, shown in Figure~\ref{fig:antenna_horn}.
002148200 916__ $$sn$$w201616
002148200 960__ $$a13
002148200 980__ $$aARTICLE